The purpose of this study was to analyze the relation between children`s temperament and physical fitness. There had been no former studies concerning the relational structural model analysis about children`s temperament and physical fitness and also an influence from temperament effects on the physical fitness factors had not been revealed yet. In order to conduct such a research, 405 children in the age of 5-6 from 4 kindergartens in the Seoul region were tested on physical fitness and temperament. Besides, data was collected through a questionnaire on children`s temperament, filled in by the parents. According to the correlation analysis results between temperament factors and fitness factors, only the emotionality factor showed a relation to performance related fitness. The activity and sociability factors showed significant relations with both fitness factors, but especially with the performance fitness factor. The result of the analysis of the structural equation modeling showed that children`s temperament had significant effects on physical fitness, and the model fit indexes proved appropriate. The results of multiple regression analysis about the influence from temperament factors on fitness factors showed that the sociability temperament factor effected only health related fitness and the activity temperament factor effected only performance related fitness.

The purpose of this study was to analyze How girl` students experience individual emotions in physical education context, How many they experience, and intra-psycho process of emotions who girls experience based on Lazarus(1991)` cognitive appraisal theory In order to accomplish this purpose, case study was conducted and physical education diary, interview, and observation of 2 students who participated in physical education were analyzed. The results showed that first, girls experienced emotions of pride (3 times), hope (2 times), fright (3 times), fear (2 times), shame (1 time), anger (2 times), happy (4 times) in dodge ball lesson and emotions of sorrow (5 times), anger (1 time), fear (3 times), happy (1 time) in a hurdle lesson. Second, It is identified that various emotions are revealed depend on how girl`s students interpret individual meaning of experience in physical education class. Educational meaning of these results was discussed.

The purpose of this study was to predict the stage of change in exercise behavior through basic psychological needs and behavior regulation to exercise of adolescence. The subjects of this study were 683 middle and high school students. The research tools used were the Stage of Change in Exercise Behavior, Basic Psychological Needs Questionnaire and Behavioral Regulation on Exercise Questionnaire. Collected data were analyzed by the statistical techniques of one-way ANOVA, and discriminant analysis using SPSS 12.0 programs. The level of significance of all hypotheses tested was 5% and the results were as follows. First, basic psychological need and behavior regulation were different in the stage of change in exercise behavior. Maintenance stage was higher than precontemplation stage in all subfactors of basic psychological need and those of introjected regulation, identified regulation and intrinsic regulation in behavior regulation. Also precontemplation stage higher than maintenance stage in amotivation and external regulation. Second, identified regulation and intrinsic regulation were significant in classification of the stage of change in exercise behavior.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between self-perceived health status and construct estimated change of exercise behavior. The subjects of this study were a total of 1247 male and female Korean adult(over 30 years old) in Seoul and Gyeong-gi around were surveyed. The method of the statistical analysis used in this study, were One-way ANOVA, one-way MANOVA, and Multinominal logistic regression analysis. The result were as follows. First, there was a statistically significant differences according to sex on self-perceived health status. The male subjects showed higher in processes of behavioral(counter conditioning, help relationship, reinforcement management) on good health status, higher in decision balance(pros of exercise) on fair health status, and higher in self-efficacy on fair and good health status than female subjects. Second, for the men, negative affect processes of behavioral(reinforcement management, stimulus control), while positive affect decision balance(cons of exercise) were significant correlate of very bad, bad, and fair health status. For the women, negative affect processes of cognitive(self reevaluation) and processes of behavioral(stimulus control), while positive affect decision balance(cons of exercise) were significant correlate of very bad, bad, fair, and good health status. The model correctly classified 52.3% of the men subjects and 56.1% of women subjects. These results were discussed relate to the relationship between self-perceived health status and construct estimated change of exercise behavior.

The purpose of this research was to analyze the relationships between perceived motivational climates and goal orientations during dance practices amon collegiate dance students. 424 dance major students (male 37, female 387) were participated and answered to a set of sport-based questionnaires properly modified to dance situation; Perceived Motivational Climates in Sport Questionnaire, Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire. For analyzing data exploratory factor analysis, internal consistency, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and MANOVA were conducted. The results of the study indicated that the levels of perceived motivational climates and goal orientations are significantly differentiated by grades and their subfactors are positively correlated. The perception of motivational climates during dance practices affected dance students` task- and ego-oriented goals, but perceived performance climate more contributed to third grade students` task-oriented goals than first and second grade students. For fourth grade students, perceived mastery climate and perceived performance climate contributed significantly to task- and ego-oriented goals each. Therefore, it is concluded that the perception of motivational climates during dance practices is an important variable predicting collegiate dance students` level of goal orientations.

The purpose of this study was to test the reliability and validity of the Korean version of ASQ(Athlete Satisfaction Scale) developed by Riemer and Chelladurai(1998) for collegiate athletes. For this, the procedures were developing the initial and final Korean version of ASQ, analyzing the reliability of the final ASQ based on the initial version, and examining the construct validity of the final version of ASQ. Produced through the translation and its review, the initial Korean version of ASQ was collected from data using 535 collegiate athletes. The final version of ASQ, consisted of 8 factor, 40 items, was completed through item and factor analysis. A sample of 125 collegiate athletes responded to the final version of ASQ to test internal consistency and test-retest of it. The results indicated that the consistency and stability of the Korean version of ASQ was very excellent. Also, confirmatory factor analysis supported the validity of the measurement model. Group differences between leading players and substitute players on the subfactors of personal performance, ability utilization, training and instruction, team contribution, team integration and dedication supported the validity of the Korean Version of ASQ.

The purpose of this study was to find out causes of exercise addictions of participants in life sports and to developed the Exercise Addictions Scale(EAS) with the basis of the results. To achieve such purposes, this study has abstracted the cause of exercise addiction of participants in life sports and passed the course of the preliminary study. To abstract the causes of exercise addictions, the data were collected through the literature review, the interview and the self-reporting data of open-ended questionnaires type. The literature reviews referred to the 29 literatures related to the exercise addiction, the 11 foreign questionaires and the 10 foreign literatures related to questionaires, and literatures and questionaires related to other addiction. The interview and the self-reporting data were performed to 32 persons for 10 event and 122 persons for 11 event respectively among the participants who become conscious as the exercise addiction by themselves or are recognized as the excessive exercise by those around them. An inductive content analysis of the literature review resulted in 274 positive case of exercise addictions. The data were grouped into 18 detailed domains. 18 detailed domains were categorized into the 4 general domains. And inductive content analysis of the literature review resulted in the 385 negative case of exercise addictions. The data were grouped into 25 detailed domains. 25 detailed domains were categorized into the 6 general domains. As adding the interview and self-reporting data to the results, the positive factor were classified into the 3 general domains such as improvement of health and appearance, positive emotion, exercise desire and the negative factor were classified into the 5 general domains such as lack of control, withdrawal, life disorder, dependance and tolerance, persistence. Based on the results of inductive analyses on the literature review, the interview and the self-reporting data, the preliminary questionaires with 69-item was generated. In the preliminary study stage were performed to the 555 participants in life sports 16 event. Through descriptive statistics, reliability analisys, exploratory factor analysis, 33-item on exercise addiction was decided to adopt for the tool of this analysis. After the results of confirmatory factor analysis, all the index values was appeared fit. The questionaire contains. 5 subordinate factors; (1) lack of control(9-item). (2) withdrawal(8-item). (3) dependance and persistence(6-item). (4) exercise desire(5-item). (5) exercise attachment(5-item).

The purpose of this study of 625 participants exercise participants their addiction to the sampling factors (social probleme, exercise dependence, withdrawal symptoms, exercise motivation, desire Movement) actions that affect the exercise behavior(frequency, time, intensity, duration) for factors of prediction. Measurement tools are Adams (2001) and Ogden (1997), the leading research Kim, jae-hoon (2007), based on the questionnaire developed by the exercise addiction (EAQ) is used. Results of the exercise participants conducted a series of phased Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis a group (Gender, Health, iteml)for factors exercise behavior is acting factors, the most significant impact of exercise addiction. Based on the results of these social and psychological side of the static point of view of the peculiarity related to the discussions and exercise addiction, and is addicted to the exercise behavior for factors acting exercise a group difference can be expected to affect the offer. Finally, the study suggested that exercise addiction for the participants of the exercise and discuss the direction of future research.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between achievement goal orientation, learning motivation, and cognitive-behavioral regulation strategies among college dance students. A total of 725 university dance students answered to a set of questionnaires; achievement goal orientation, academic motivation, and self-regulated learning. Data were analyzed by EFA, reliability test, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, hierarchical regression analysis, and one-way ANOVA. The results of hierarchical regression analysis indicated that performance-mastery orientation and mastery avoidance were significant variables predicting metacognitive strategy and seeking help of behavioral strategy. Intrinsic motivation predicted the level of seeking help, identified regulation predicted significantly metacognitive-behavioral strategies of effort, class time management. Whereas amotivation influenced significantly on effort, external regulation affected significantly both 세 cognitive-behavioral strategies.

The purpose of this research is in analyzing the relationship between golf coach`s leadership behavioral pattern and coaching efficiency. To achieve this goal we had collected the data on 270 amateur golf players registered on the outdoor golf practice ranges in the Seoul-Inch`on province, using questionnaire about the relationship between the coach`s leadership behavioral pattern and coaching efficiency. The collected data was analyzed statistically by hierarchical multiple regression and one-way ANOVA analysis. The main findings of this research are as follows. Because the player`s handicap, the expense of training course and a coach`s qualification showed the statistically distinctive difference in the coach`s leadership behavioral pattern and coaching efficiency, those (handicap, the expense of training course and a coach`s qualification) would be able to operate as the variables affecting the possibility. By setting the player`s handicap, the expense of training course and a coach`s qualification as the covariance, we could find that the relation between coach`s leadership behavioral pattern & coaching efficiency and the training & instruction conduct & social support conductor, is high. In conclusion, in order to improve the performance of the amateur players, it is desirable to prefer the coach whose training, instruction conduct and social support conductor is strong.

The purpose of this study was to determine the type of perpetrators of punishment directed against sports athletes and how the different types of psychological states such as depression, energy, confusion, rage, and anxiety influence these athletes. The subjects for this study were a total of 500 high school sports athletes from Seoul metropolitan area and they were chosen by random sampling. For the analysis of the data, information from a total of 463 participants was actually used (male-252, female-211). For the participants, there were 7 questions related to their background information, 4 to their types and experiences with punishment and also questions related to their psychological states (POMS). The collected data were analyzed tested for reliability using factor analysis, reliability analysis, frequency analysis, MANOVA, one-way ANOVA. Here are the conclusions based on the results. Firstly, the perpetrators of punishment against male/female athletes were according to the order of upperclassmen, coach, and parents, and there were more punishment directed against male athletes compared to female athletes. Secondly, in terms of their psychological states, there was a difference between for confusion, energy, and rage for the male and female athletes, with males rating high for confusion, energy and rage.

This Exploration is to find out, in practice and real games, that 1) where Weight lifting athletes concentrate on, 2) what they do for concentration, 3) what factors cause failure of concentration, 4) and what determines success or failure when trying to reconcentrate after losing attention. In order to study for these things, we made an open questionnaire to 40 people, male and female weight lifting athletes who are in university team or professional team. The athletes are categorized into the Elite and the Average, based upon their National team experience. We analyzed the materials by classifying similar resources after careful reading and then, matching them into the identical categories. First of all, the result of examining where the athletes pay concentration on is that most athletes focus on mental controlling rather than external controlling to strengthen concentration regardless of the level of the game in both practice and a real match. In order to intensify the concentration, in practice games, both the Elite and the Average athletes do their best on mental controlling not considering about the level of the game. On the other hand, in real games, while the Elite athletes try to focus on mental controlling, the average athletes concentrate on external controlling more than mental controlling. Factors which influence destroying concentration are mostly caused by external things. Through analyzing various cases, we find out that mental concentration and active physical movement can contribute to successful reconcentration after losing attention, but scattered attention and nervous state of mind can cause the failure of reconcentration.

The purpose of this research is to compare self-management profiles of the members in Korean Olympic team with those of common athletes. The 261 participants (male: 134, female: 127)as the members of Korean Olympic team were sampled from the athletes, who were under training as the entrants for Athens 2004 Olympic Games, among 17 different events. 252 athletes among 15 different events, who have never been national representatives, participated for the common athletes. They were the members of the teams from several high schools, universities, and companies. In this research, three questions about the attitude of the athletes, and the test about self-management of athletes (ASMQ), developed by Heo, Jung-hoon(2003), were used. In addition, we analyzed the result statistically according to the athletes` play level and sex, and carried out t-tests. The results showed that 63% of participants in the group of members in Korean Olympic team consider winning a medal as the most important thing. On the other hand, the participants in the group of common athletes attached more importance to renewing their records, and self-satisfaction. For the question about the most important things for athletes, all of the participants answered that confidence and concentration are more significant than any other things. This means that they know the significance of psychological self-management. In the case of male athletes, the participants in the group of members in Korean Olympic team attached more importance to management of their bodies (p<0.01), personal relations (p<0.05), practice (p<0.05), and their mental strength (p<0.01) than the participants in the group of common athletes did. However, in the case of female athletes, the participants in the group of members in Korean Olympic team just attached more importance to the management of practice (p<0.05) than common athletes did. Furthermore, the male athletes in the group of members in Korean Olympic team showed high level of self-management on their mental strength. Both group of members of Korean Olympic team and group of common athletes showed low level of self-management on their body management, while they concentrated on the management of their personal relations. Both groups showed the same trends of self-management profiles.

The present study investigated the issue of the accuracy of golf putting based on the hypothesis that the moment of inertia of a putter is a critical factor for the accuracy of golf putting. The hypothesis says that heavier putter would have higher moment of inertia, and this higher moment of inertia would increase the accuracy of golf putting. In the experiment the participants were divided into two groups, heavy and light putter goups, and were given five sessions of testing which were a week apart each other. Also, they were given three goal distances of short, middle, and long. The measured moment of inertia of the light putter was .173kg·㎡, and the heavier putter was .298kg·㎡. The result showed that the heavy putter group were more accurate that the light putter group, and the follow up post hoc analysis showed that the group difference was only on middle and long distance conditions and not on the short distance condition. Also, there was main effect of session, and interaction between session and distance conditions. In sum, the data supported the hypothesis of the present study which argues the moment of inertia is the critical factor that determines the accuracy of golf putting. But the fact that there was no difference between two groups on the short distance condition indicated, also, that there would be other factors that could have effects on accuracy of golf putting.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of observation by using visual and auditory information on learning of a sequential timing. Participants were 12 students, which were divided 4 groups which consisted of 10 subjects, which were auditory-physical practice group, auditory-observational practice group, visual-physical practice group, and visual-observational practice group. Participants performed sequential timing task at acquisition phase and they went through retention and transfer phase after approximately 24 hours. The results represented that the difference between groups was not significant on learning in a relative timing. However, the auditory-physical practice group, auditory-observational practice group, and visual-physical practice group indicated higher improvements on learning in an absolute timing compared to the visual-observational group. The results of global timing were similar to that of absolute timing in retention phase and had very high positive correlation between two timing error. We conclude that the observation with auditory information might be a valuable way to improve learning in an absolute timing and a global timing, and represent a possibility to be able to acquire learning levels equal to physical practice.